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<title>Pathological lying</title>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pseudologia fantastica" redirects here; not to be confused with <a href="Pseudologia_Fantastica_(song)" title="Pseudologia Fantastica (song)">Pseudologia Fantastica (song)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mythomaniac" redirects here; not to be confused with <a href="Mythomaniac_(TV_series)" title="Mythomaniac (TV series)"><i>Mythomaniac</i> (TV series)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Pathological lying</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Pseudologia fantastica, mythomania, compulsive lying</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">

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<p><b>Pathological lying</b>, also known as <i><b>pseudologia fantastica</b></i> (<a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "fantastic pseudology"), is a chronic behavior characterized by the habitual or <a href="Compulsive_behavior" title="Compulsive behavior">compulsive</a> tendency to lie. It involves a pervasive pattern of intentionally making false statements with the aim to deceive others, sometimes for no clear or apparent reason, and even if the truth would be beneficial to the liar. People who engage in <a href="Pathological" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathological">pathological</a> lying often report being unaware of the motivations for their lies.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dueRef1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dueRef1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dueRef2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dueRef2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In <a href="Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> and <a href="Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>, there is an ongoing debate about whether pathological lying should be classified as a distinct <a href="Disorder_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Disorder (medical)">disorder</a> or viewed as a symptom of other underlying conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Dike_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dike-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of a widely agreed-upon description or <a href="Diagnostic_criteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagnostic criteria">diagnostic criteria</a> for pathological lying has contributed to the controversy surrounding its definition.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dueRef1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dueRef1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dueRef2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dueRef2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But efforts have been made to establish diagnostic criteria based on research and assessment data, aligning with the <i><a href="Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a></i> (DSM).<sup id="cite_ref-prcp.psychiatryonline.org_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prcp.psychiatryonline.org-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various theories have been proposed to explain the causes of pathological lying, including stress, an attempt to shift <a href="Locus_of_control" title="Locus of control">locus of control</a> to an internal one, and issues related to low <a href="Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dueRef2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dueRef2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dueRef1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dueRef1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers have suggested a <a href="Biopsychosocial_model" title="Biopsychosocial model">biopsychosocial</a>-<a href="Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">developmental</a> model to explain this concept.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While theories have explored potential causes, the precise factors contributing to pathological lying have yet to be determined.

</p><p>The phenomenon was first described in medical literature in 1890 by <a href="G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a> and in 1891 by Anton Delbrück.<sup id="cite_ref-PsyTod_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PsyTod-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dike_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dike-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>

<p>Curtis and Hart (2020) defined pathological lying as "a persistent, pervasive, and often compulsive pattern of excessive lying behavior that leads to clinically significant impairment of functioning in social, occupational, or other areas; causes marked distress; poses a risk to the self or others; and occurs for longer than 6 months" (p. 63).<sup id="cite_ref-prcp.psychiatryonline.org_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prcp.psychiatryonline.org-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div>

<p>Defining characteristics of pathological lying include:

</p>

<ul><li>An <a href="Internal_motivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal motivation">internal motivation</a> for the behavior cannot be readily discerned clinically: e.g., long-lasting extortion or habitual spousal battery might cause a person to lie repeatedly, without the lying being pathological.<sup id="cite_ref-Dike_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dike-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>The stories are presented in a way that portrays the liar favorably. The liar "decorates their own person"<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Healy,_M._2004_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Healy,_M._2004-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by telling stories that present them as the hero or the victim. For example, they might be presented as being fantastically brave, as knowing or being related to many famous or powerful people, or as having great power, position, or wealth. (See <a href="Delusions_of_grandeur" title="Delusions of grandeur">Delusions of grandeur</a>)</li></ul>

<p>Some psychiatrists distinguish compulsive from pathological lying, while others consider them equivalent. Others deny the existence of compulsive lying altogether; this remains an area of considerable controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-dueRef1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dueRef1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2></div>

<p>Pathological lying is listed in the <i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</i> (DSM), although only as a symptom of other disorders such as <a href="Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">antisocial</a>, <a href="Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">narcissistic</a>, and <a href="Histrionic_personality_disorder" title="Histrionic personality disorder">histrionic personality disorders</a>, not as a stand-alone diagnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-King_BH,_Ford_CV_1988_1–6_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_BH,_Ford_CV_1988_1–6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former <a href="ICD-10" title="ICD-10">ICD-10</a> disorder <a href="Haltlose_personality_disorder" title="Haltlose personality disorder">Haltlose personality disorder</a> is strongly tied to pathological lying.<sup id="cite_ref-art_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pathological lying is represented in both the DSM-5 and ICD-11 alternative models of personality disorder which emphasise dimensions of personality dysfunction, rather than specific categorical disorders. "Deceitfulness", an aspect of the Antagonism domain, is a trait encompassing pathological lying in the DSM-5's model, while the current ICD-11 trait domain of Dissociality (analogous to DSM-5 Antagonism) holds pathological lying to be a behavioural expression of the <i>Lack of Empathy</i> facet.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pathological liars do not show these antisocial behaviors; they may lie merely because they think their life is not interesting enough.<sup id="cite_ref-King_BH,_Ford_CV_1988_1–6_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_BH,_Ford_CV_1988_1–6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neurobiology">Neurobiology</h2></div>

<p>Pathological lying shows a complex relationship with brain function. Compulsive lying has been reported in multiple neurological disorders, including early lesions of the <a href="Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developmental disruption of <a href="White_matter" title="White matter">white matter pathways</a> connecting frontal cortex with <a href="Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">temporal</a>, <a href="Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">limbic</a> and <a href="Parietal_lobe" title="Parietal lobe">parietal</a> regions,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> disruptions to the functioning of the <a href="Cingulate_cortex" title="Cingulate cortex">cingulate cortex</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a putative <a href="Phenocopy" title="Phenocopy">phenocopy</a> of <a href="Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taken together, these findings implicate dysfunction in the prefrontal and cingulate cortices, both of which are implicated in lie-telling in healthy individuals – the former across various types of lying (different subregions handling different kinds) and the latter only in feigning ignorance.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mechanisms of how lesions to these structures induce lying are unknown, but it has been suggested that reduced affective theory of mind and loss of sociomoral affect may induce the desire to lie, while impaired inhibitory control may prevent the regulation of such urges.

</p><p>Pathological lying which begins early in development (e.g., as part of psychopathic personality rather than being acquired by brain injury or disease) appears to relate to increased prefrontal white matter and reduced prefrontal activation when telling lies,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a significant finding given that prefrontal activation is normally increased during lie-telling.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These findings, alongside data showing pathological liars are faster at generating and telling lies,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been taken to suggest that liars lack the cognitive control and socioaffective networks required for inhibiting truthful responses, monitoring behaviour and believability, and adjusting deceptions to fit changing facts may be more efficient in pathological liars.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychopathy">Psychopathy</h2></div>

<p>Pathological lying is an item of the interpersonal facet of the <a href="Psychopathy_Checklist" title="Psychopathy Checklist">Psychopathy Checklist</a>-Revised (PCL-R), alongside <a href="Superficial_charm" title="Superficial charm">superficial charm</a>, <a href="Grandiosity" title="Grandiosity">grandiosity</a>, and <a href="Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">manipulativeness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gap_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gap-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is endorsed where an individual lies and deceives so frequently that it is a defining or central characteristic of their interactions with others. Lying in such persons is described as both calculated and aimless, with deceiving others thought to have some intrinsic value to the individual. The lies are told with ease, even when the contradicting facts are readily assessable, and the person normally shows some pride in their ability to lie, and may even openly boast of it as a talent or gift. The PCL-R distinguishes pathological lying from manipulation, which it treats separately as the strategic use of deceit and misdirection for personal gain, often by exploiting or using someone.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathological_liars">Pathological liars</h2></div>

<p>Lying is the act of knowingly and intentionally or willfully making a false statement.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normal lies are defensive and told to avoid the consequences of truth telling. They are often white lies that spare another's feelings, reflect a pro-social attitude, and make civilized human contact possible.<sup id="cite_ref-King_BH,_Ford_CV_1988_1–6_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_BH,_Ford_CV_1988_1–6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pathological lying can be described as an habituation of lying: someone consistently lies for no obvious personal gain.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There are many consequences of being a pathological liar. Due to lack of trust, most pathological liars' relationships and friendships fail. If this continues, lying can become so severe as to cause legal problems, including, but not limited to, fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dike,_C._2008_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dike,_C._2008-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2></div>

<p>The average age of onset is before adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals with the condition tend to have average verbal skills as opposed to performance abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thirty percent of subjects had a chaotic home environment, where a parent or other family member had a mental disturbance. Its occurrence was found by the study to be equal in women and men.<sup id="cite_ref-Healy,_M._2004_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Healy,_M._2004-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-King_BH,_Ford_CV_1988_1–6_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_BH,_Ford_CV_1988_1–6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forty percent of cases reported central nervous system abnormality such as epilepsy, abnormal EEG findings, <a href="ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">ADHD</a>, head trauma, or <a href="List_of_infections_of_the_central_nervous_system" title="List of infections of the central nervous system">CNS infection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-King_BH,_Ford_CV_1988_1–6_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_BH,_Ford_CV_1988_1–6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Child_lying" title="Child lying">Child lying</a></li>

<li><a href="Compulsive_behavior" title="Compulsive behavior">Compulsive behavior</a></li>

<li><a href="Confabulation" title="Confabulation">Confabulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganser_syndrome" title="Ganser syndrome">Ganser syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Impostor_syndrome" title="Impostor syndrome">Impostor syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Munchausen_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Munchausen syndrome">Munchausen syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a></li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apa.org/pubs/books/pathological-lying">Curtis, D.A. & Hart, C.L. (2022). Pathological Lying:Theory, Research, and Practice. American Psychological Association.</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prcp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.prcp.20190046">Curtis, D.A. & Hart, C. L. (2020). Pathological Lying: Theoretical and Empirical Support for a Diagnostic Entity</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-nature-deception/202009/what-is-pathological-lying">Hart CL; Curtis DA (2020). "What Is Pathological Lying?". Psychology Today </a></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHardieReed1998" class="citation journal cs1">Hardie TJ, Reed A (July 1998). "Pseudologia fantastica, factitious disorder and impostership: a deception syndrome". <i>Medicine, Science, and the Law</i>. <b>38</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">198–</span>201. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002580249803800303">10.1177/002580249803800303</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9717367">9717367</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9402077">9402077</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNewmark_NAdityanjeeKay_J1999" class="citation journal cs1">Newmark N, Adityanjee, Kay J (1999). "Pseudologia fantastica and factitious disorder: review of the literature and a case report". <i>Comprehensive Psychiatry</i>. <b>40</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">89–</span>95. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0010-440X%2899%2990111-6">10.1016/S0010-440X(99)90111-6</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10080254">10080254</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Mythomania:_A_Mental_Disorder_or_a_Symptom%3F" class="extiw external" title="v:Mythomania: A Mental Disorder or a Symptom?">Mythomania: A Mental Disorder or a Symptom?</a></b></i></div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychvarsity.com/How-To-Spot-A-Pathological-Liar">How to Spot a Pathological Liar - Master the Art of Unmasking Deception</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Psychopathy69" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">Psychopathy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contexts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fictional_portrayals_of_psychopaths" title="Fictional portrayals of psychopaths">In fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychopathy_in_the_workplace" title="Psychopathy in the workplace">In the workplace</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characteristics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anti-social_behaviour" title="Anti-social behaviour">Anti-social behaviour</a></li>

<li><a href="Callous_and_unemotional_traits" title="Callous and unemotional traits">Callous</a></li>

<li><a href="Empathy#Psychopathy" title="Empathy">Diminished empathy</a></li>

<li><a href="Disinhibition" title="Disinhibition">Disinhibited</a></li>

<li><a href="Grandiosity" title="Grandiosity">Grandiose</a></li>

<li><a href="Impulsivity" title="Impulsivity">Impulsive</a></li>

<li><a href="Guilt_(emotion)#Lack_of_guilt_in_psychopaths" title="Guilt (emotion)">Lack of guilt</a></li>

<li><a href="Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulative</a></li>

<li><a href="Remorse#Psychopathy" title="Remorse">Remorseless</a></li>

<li><a href="Shallow_affect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shallow affect">Shallow affect</a></li>

<li><a href="Superficial_charm" title="Superficial charm">Superficially charming</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">Antisocial personality disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Conduct_disorder" title="Conduct disorder">Conduct disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Dark_triad" title="Dark triad">Dark triad</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_psychopathy" title="History of psychopathy">History of psychopathy</a></li>

<li><a href="Juvenile_delinquency" title="Juvenile delinquency">Juvenile delinquency</a></li>

<li><a href="Machiavellianism_(psychology)" title="Machiavellianism (psychology)">Machiavellianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Macdonald_triad" title="Macdonald triad">Macdonald triad</a></li>

<li><a href="Narcissism" title="Narcissism">Narcissism</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychopathic_Personality_Inventory" title="Psychopathic Personality Inventory">Psychopathic Personality Inventory</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychopathy_Checklist" title="Psychopathy Checklist">Psychopathy Checklist</a></li>

<li><a href="Sadistic_personality_disorder" title="Sadistic personality disorder">Sadistic personality disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_sadism_disorder" title="Sexual sadism disorder">Sexual sadism disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">Substance use disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychopathy#Sociopathy" title="Psychopathy">Sociopathy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hervey_M._Cleckley" title="Hervey M. Cleckley">Hervey M. Cleckley</a></li>

<li><a href="George_E._Partridge" title="George E. Partridge">George E. Partridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_D._Hare" title="Robert D. Hare">Robert D. Hare</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Reinforcement_disorders:_addiction_and_dependence324" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Reinforcement_disorders:_addiction_and_dependence324" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Reinforcement" title="Reinforcement">Reinforcement</a> disorders: <a href="Addiction" title="Addiction">addiction</a> and <a href="Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">dependence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol</a></li>

<li><a href="Amphetamine#Addiction" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li>

<li><a href="Cocaine#Addiction" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Methamphetamine#Addiction" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li>

<li><a href="Methylphenidate#Addiction_and_dependence" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicotine_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicotine addiction">Nicotine</a></li>

<li><a href="Opioid_use_disorder" title="Opioid use disorder">Opioid</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Behavioral_addiction" title="Behavioral addiction">Behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Financial

<ul><li><a href="Problem_gambling" title="Problem gambling">Gambling</a></li>

<li><a href="Compulsive_buying_disorder" title="Compulsive buying disorder">Shopping</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Food_addiction" title="Food addiction">Palatable food</a></li>

<li>Sex-related

<ul><li><a href="Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Intercourse</a></li>

<li><a href="Pornography_addiction" title="Pornography addiction">Pornography</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Internet-related

<ul><li><a href="Internet_addiction_disorder" title="Internet addiction disorder">Internet addiction disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_sex_addiction" title="Internet sex addiction">Internet sex addiction</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Video_game_addiction" title="Video game addiction">Video game addiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media addictions</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Cellular<br>mechanisms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">Transcriptional</a>

<ul><li><b><a href="FOSB#ΔFosB" title="FOSB">ΔFosB</a></b></li>

<ul><li><a href="Histone-modifying_enzymes" title="Histone-modifying enzymes">Epigenetic</a>

<li><a href="G9a-like_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="G9a-like protein">G9a-like protein</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></li>

<li><a href="Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependence</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychological_dependence" title="Psychological dependence">Psychological dependence</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Withdrawal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Drugs

<ul><li><a href="Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">Alcoholism</a></li>

<li><a href="Amphetamine_dependence" title="Amphetamine dependence">Amphetamine</a></li>

<li><a href="Barbiturate_dependence" title="Barbiturate dependence">Barbiturate</a></li>

<li><a href="Benzodiazepine_dependence" title="Benzodiazepine dependence">Benzodiazepine</a></li>

<li><a href="Caffeine_dependence" title="Caffeine dependence">Caffeine</a></li>

<li><a href="Cannabis_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis dependence">Cannabis</a></li>

<li><a href="Cocaine_dependence" title="Cocaine dependence">Cocaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicotine_dependence" title="Nicotine dependence">Nicotine</a></li>

<li><a href="Opioid_use_disorder" title="Opioid use disorder">Opioid</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Non-drug stimuli

<ul><li><a href="Tanning_dependence" title="Tanning dependence">Tanning dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Treatment_and_management_of_addiction" title="Treatment and management of addiction">Treatment <br>and <br>management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Detoxification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alcohol_detoxification" title="Alcohol detoxification">Alcohol detoxification</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_detoxification" title="Drug detoxification">Drug detoxification</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Behavioral <br>therapies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Relapse_prevention" title="Relapse prevention">Relapse prevention</a></li>

<li><a href="Contingency_management" title="Contingency management">Contingency management</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Community_reinforcement_approach_and_family_training" title="Community reinforcement approach and family training">Community reinforcement approach and family training</a></li>

<li><a href="Motivational_enhancement_therapy" title="Motivational enhancement therapy">Motivational enhancement therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Motivational_interviewing" title="Motivational interviewing">Motivational interviewing</a></li>

<li><a href="Motivational_therapy" title="Motivational therapy">Motivational therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise#Addiction" title="Neurobiological effects of physical exercise">Physical exercise</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Treatment <br>programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Drug_rehab" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug rehab">Drug rehab</a>

<ul><li><a href="Residential_treatment_center" title="Residential treatment center">Residential treatment center</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Heroin-assisted_treatment" title="Heroin-assisted treatment">Heroin-assisted treatment</a></li>

<li><a href="Intensive_outpatient_program" title="Intensive outpatient program">Intensive outpatient program</a></li>

<li><a href="Methadone_maintenance" class="mw-redirect" title="Methadone maintenance">Methadone maintenance</a></li>

<li><a href="Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nicotine_replacement_therapy" title="Nicotine replacement therapy">Nicotine replacement therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Tobacco_cessation_clinics_in_India" title="Tobacco cessation clinics in India">Tobacco cessation clinics in India</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Twelve-step_program" title="Twelve-step program">Twelve-step program</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Support groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Addiction_recovery_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Addiction recovery groups">Addiction recovery groups</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_twelve-step_groups" title="List of twelve-step groups">List of twelve-step groups</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Category:Harm reduction</li>

<li><a href="Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reagent_testing" title="Reagent testing">Reagent testing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Low-threshold_treatment_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-threshold treatment programs">Low-threshold treatment programs</a></li>

<li><a href="Managed_alcohol_program" title="Managed alcohol program">Managed alcohol program</a></li>

<li><a href="Moderation_Management" title="Moderation Management">Moderation Management</a></li>

<li><a href="Needle_exchange_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Needle exchange program">Needle exchange program</a></li>

<li><a href="Responsible_drug_use" title="Responsible drug use">Responsible drug use</a></li>

<li><a href="Stimulant_maintenance" title="Stimulant maintenance">Stimulant maintenance</a></li>

<li><a href="Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li>

<li><a href="Tobacco_harm_reduction" title="Tobacco harm reduction">Tobacco harm reduction</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Allen_Carr" title="Allen Carr">Allen Carr</a></li>

<li>Category:Addiction</li>

<li>Category:Vaccines against drugs</li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Discrimination against drug addicts</a></li>

<li><a href="Dopamine_dysregulation_syndrome" title="Dopamine dysregulation syndrome">Dopamine dysregulation syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive control">Cognitive control</a>

<ul><li><a href="Inhibitory_control" title="Inhibitory control">Inhibitory control</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Motivational_salience" title="Motivational salience">Motivational salience</a>

<ul><li><a href="Motivational_salience#Incentive_salience" title="Motivational salience">Incentive salience</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sober_companion" title="Sober companion">Sober companion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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